During the Yan'an rectification movement, the soldiers were seriously studying and discussing

The site of the seventh plenary session of the sixth CPC Central Committee

Learning is the inherent distinct quality of the Communist Party of China. After the CPC Central Committee settled in Northern Shaanxi, it summed up historical experience and lessons, We have further realized that "our environment is more complex than ever, and our tasks are particularly arduous and difficult. Our nation is engaged in a decisive struggle with the enemy to survive in this unprecedented historical war, so we must study hard." At the call of Mao Zedong, the party set off an unprecedented learning climax in Yan'an period, and opened a vivid practice of arming the whole party, educating the people and guiding the revolution by relying on Cadres' learning and education.

一

　　In October 1935, shortly after the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China led the Central Red Army's long march to northern Shaanxi, the "Marxist Communist school" was restored in Wayaobao, merged with the "Party School of the special committee of the Communist Party of China in Northern Shaanxi" and officially named "the party School of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China" (the Central Party School entered Yan'an in February 1937). In December, the Wayaobao meeting proposed that "a large number of cadres must be trained". Since then, the northern Bureau, central China Bureau and Northwest Bureau of the Communist Party of China have successively established party schools, and the Anti Japanese military and Political University, Northern Shaanxi public school and Lu Xun art college have been successively established. The local Party committees of the Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia border region have also established some cadre schools to carry out rotation training for cadres. In September 1938, at the Sixth Plenary Session of the sixth CPC Central Committee, In view of the situation that "the cultivation of our party's Marxism Leninism" is "very not universal and very not in-depth", it is pointed out that: "To lead a large nation with a population of tens of millions in an unprecedented great struggle. Therefore, the task of generally and deeply studying the theory of Marxism Leninism is a major problem that needs to be solved urgently and can only be solved with great efforts. I hope that after this plenary session of the Central Committee, there will be a whole Party learning competition to see who has really learned something West, look who learns more and better. " In February 1939, the CPC Central Committee established the Ministry of cadre education to specifically lead the whole Party's Marxist Leninist learning movement and in-service cadre education. In March, the Yan'an interim plan for on-the-job cadre education was officially released. In May, the Ministry of cadre education held a mobilization meeting for on-the-job cadre education. Mao Zedong delivered an important speech. He put forward: "we should turn the whole party into a big school" and "comrades of the whole party should study knowledge to the end and enter this indefinite University". In June, Mao Zedong gave nine instructions on the learning movement at the Yan'an senior cadres' meeting. At the beginning of 1940, the CPC Central Committee successively issued the instructions on cadre learning and the instructions on in-service cadre education to promote cadre learning, and took a series of measures to implement it.

　　During this period, in order to ensure the "persistence and regularity" of cadres' learning, the CPC Central Committee established an average two-hour learning system for in-service cadres every day, and designated Marx's birthday on May 5 as cadres' learning day. Further clarify the learning content focusing on "the theory of Marxism and Leninism", and organize the compilation and translation of manlies' works and Soviet textbooks, such as man series, selected works of Lenin, selected works of philosophy, concise course of the history of the Communist Party of China (Bolshevik), political economics, etc. In order to "make everyone learn something", cadre learning groups are generally established. According to the different work and cultural level of the cadres participating in the study, they are divided into groups of class A, B and C. different educational courses are stipulated respectively, and teachers and instructors are designated to help them learn. "In order to further promote and improve the learning movement", we pay attention to carrying out regular learning inspection. "The general inspection of the study of in-service cadres in Yan'an is conducted every four months under the leadership of the central cadre education department. Military organs, border region organs and organs directly under the Central Committee are inspected every two months under the leadership of the competent authorities. The directors' meeting of each branch must be inspected once a month."

二

　　With the gradual deepening of the learning movement, the disconnection between theory and practice in cadre learning has become increasingly prominent. In this regard, Mao Zedong proposed that "strategy education among cadres must be strengthened to make it the most important item in cadre education". In August 1940, the Propaganda Department of the CPC Central Committee issued the instructions on strengthening cadre strategy education, which required that in-service cadres must study the resolutions and decisions of the CPC Central Committee and the reports of central leading comrades on strategies. Important articles in the party newspaper should help to Improve Cadres' strategic thinking, so that cadres can truly grasp the party's line and learn to work in various environments We should firmly and flexibly implement the party's line in all circumstances and not lose our way. In October, the CPC Central Committee issued the decision on improving the education quality of in-service cadres in Yan'an, which once again made plans for strategic education. In May 1941, at the Yan'an cadres' meeting, Mao Zedong made a report on transforming our learning, put forward the task of transforming the learning methods and learning system of the whole party, and criticized subjectivism, especially dogmatism, which divorced theory from practice, It is clearly pointed out that "the education of on-the-job cadres and the education of cadre schools should establish a policy centered on the study of the practical problems of the Chinese revolution and guided by the basic principles of Marxism Leninism, and abolish the method of static and isolated study of Marxism Leninism". In August, the CPC Central Committee issued the decision on investigation and research and set up an investigation and research office. Mao Zedong served as the director and called on all Party members and cadres to carry out investigation and research. In September, the CPC Central Committee passed the decision on senior learning group, established the central learning group, with Mao Zedong as the leader, and required the establishment of senior learning groups in Yan'an and other important areas. From September to October, the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held an enlarged meeting (September meeting), at which Mao Zedong made a report on opposing subjectivism and sectarianism. The report pointed out that "at present, there is subjectivism in Yan'an's style of study and sectarianism in the Party style" and "it is necessary to distinguish between creative Marxism and dogmatic Marxism", The meeting decided to increase publicity and education against subjectivism and sectarianism. In November, the Central Military Commission issued the decision on the study of senior military cadres, which set up a senior military study group, with Zhu De as the leader. In his instructions to the central research group and the senior research group, Mao Zedong pointed out that "the research policy of this group aims at the connection between theory and practice". In December, the Central Committee's decision on the study of in-service cadres in Yan'an clearly put forward four principles that must be adhered to "in order to achieve the consistency between theory and practice". In the same month, the decision of the CPC Central Committee on Yan'an cadre school was released, which further clarified that the purpose of learning Marxist Leninist theory is to enable people to "correctly apply this theory to solve the practical problems of the Chinese revolution, not to memorize and recite the principles in books".

　　During this period, in order to overcome the harm brought by only paying attention to the study of the abstract principles of Marxism Leninism, the CPC Central Committee required to take the theory of Sinicization of Marxism formed by the Chinese Communists in the long-term revolutionary practice as the main content of strengthening strategic education and improving the learning quality of in-service cadres, and successively organized and compiled a series of learning materials. Since the second half of 1940, Mao Zedong has personally presided over the collection, editing and research of the main historical documents since the Sixth National Congress of the Party (since the Sixth National Congress was officially printed in December 1941 and incorporated into more than 500 documents from the Sixth National Congress of the party in June 1928 to November 1941), which has become an important document for the study of middle and senior cadres. In order to actively respond to the call of the CPC Central Committee and Mao Zedong to "learn both theory and practice", all central organs, mass organizations, Northwest Bureau and Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia Border Region Government in Yan'an have successively sent investigation and investigation missions to go deep into the grass-roots level to carry out investigation and research, and wrote a series of investigation and research reports. Among them, the more famous ones are: the investigation of Beach Terrace written by the investigation team of women's life, the preliminary study on agricultural production in Suide and Mizhi areas written by the investigation team of the investigation and Research Bureau of Northwest Bureau, the ten days in rural areas written by Lin Boqu, the story of departure and return written by Zhang Wentian, etc. According to the requirements of the September meeting, the party's senior cadres began to pay more attention to studying and studying the party's history and summing up the party's historical experience, so as to distinguish right from wrong from the political line, achieve a basically consistent understanding, and prepare for the general rectification movement of the whole party.

三

　　In February 1942, Mao Zedong made reports on "rectifying the party's style" and "eight strands of the opposition party". The rectification movement was widely launched throughout the party. The two reports comprehensively and systematically put forward the tasks of opposing subjectivism to rectify the style of study, opposing sectarianism to rectify the Party style, and opposing the party's stereotyped writing style. At the same time, they expounded that the purpose and policy of the rectification is to "learn from the past and avoid the future, cure the sick and save the people". These two reports are actually mobilization reports for launching the whole Party rectification movement. After the meeting, all units conveyed Mao Zedong's report, formulated study plans and inspection work plans, and generally and fully mobilized the ideology of Party members and cadres. In the same month, in view of the problems existing in the education of on-the-job cadres, on the basis of summing up the experience of previous cadre education, the CPC Central Committee made the decision on on on-the-job cadre education, requiring on-the-job cadres to study business, politics, culture and theory, and further strengthen the study of current affairs and policies, It is clear that "the spirit of opposing subjectivism, sectarianism and the party's eight strands must be implemented in any work department, as well as in any aspect of professional education, political education, cultural education and theoretical education". In April, the Propaganda Department of the CPC Central Committee printed and distributed the decision on discussing the Central Committee's decision and Comrade Mao Zedong's report on rectifying the three ethos in Yan'an to make arrangements for the next rectification. In May, the central general learning committee was established, with Mao Zedong as the director. Under the direct leadership of the general academic committee, regional learning committees of organs directly under the Central Committee, regional learning committees of systems directly under the Military Commission, regional learning committees of systems in the Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia border region, systematic learning committees of the cultural commission and the Central Party school were established. The central general study committee convenes a study meeting of Yan'an cadres every week or fortnightly to study study problems and discuss current affairs, politics, work and other issues. During the rectification movement, from April to early August 1942, the focus was on opposing subjectivism to rectify the style of study. From August to mid December 1942, the focus was on opposing sectarianism to rectify the Party style. From mid December 1942 to mid March 1943, the focus was on the opposition stereotyped writing to rectify the style of writing. From mid March to October 1943, all units summarized their work and rectification study. In October 1943, the CPC Central Committee decided that senior cadres should further study and discuss the party's historical issues, comprehensively and systematically summarize the party's historical experience, especially several major line errors in the party's history, and draw conclusions. In March 1944, Mao Zedong presided over the meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and made a long speech on line learning, work style and current situation. From May 1944 to April 1945, the seventh plenary session of the sixth enlarged CPC Central Committee was held. On the basis of full discussion and repeated revision, the plenary session adopted the resolution on several historical issues in principle, made correct conclusions on several major historical issues within the party, and spoke highly of Mao Zedong's outstanding contribution to solving the practical problems of the Chinese revolution by using the basic principles of Marxism, It affirmed the great significance of establishing Mao Zedong's leading position in the whole party. So far, the rectification movement ended successfully.

　　The Yan'an rectification movement is a profound movement of Marxist ideological education and a great ideological liberation movement to get rid of the erroneous tendency of the party to dogmatize Marxism and sanctify the Comintern resolution and the experience of the Soviet Union. This stage of learning and education has achieved great results. It adheres to the correct direction of combining Marxism with China's specific reality, and makes the Marxist ideological line of seeking truth from facts deeply rooted in the hearts of the people within the whole party, which is a great creation in the great project of strengthening party construction. During this period, on the basis of in-depth study, Party members and cadres held great discussions on how to treat the basic principles of Marxism from a practical point of view, how to combine the basic principles of Marxism with China's specific reality, and how to deal with some major issues in the party's history. Through these studies and discussions, Party members and cadres will greatly improve their ideology. Through the rectification movement, the unprecedented unity and unity of the whole Party under the leadership of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Mao Zedong as the core were realized, which laid an important ideological and political foundation for the victory of the war of resistance against Japan and the victory of the new democratic revolution throughout the country.

　　On the basis of the rectification movement of the whole party, the Seventh National Congress of the party was held in Yan'an from April to June 1945. The meeting established Mao Zedong Thought as the party's guiding ideology and wrote it into the party constitution. After the conference, the cadre schools in Yan'an set off an upsurge of studying the seven documents and dispatching cadres to the Anti Japanese base areas to participate in the strategic counter offensive.

四

　　Yan'an period is an important historical period for the Communist Party of China to mature. It is also an important period for the party to systematically organize the whole party to study and educate in a large scale for the first time since its establishment. During this period, we have accumulated a lot of valuable experience.

　　"Not reading newspapers for one day is a disadvantage, and not reading newspapers for three days is a mistake". Senior party cadres take the lead in learning. Mao Zedong read extensively in Yan'an period. In caves and under oil lamps, he systematically studied and studied a large number of Marxist classics. Combined with the reality of the Chinese revolution, he wrote a large number of articles, such as theory of practice, theory of contradiction, theory of protracted war, on the coalition government, the current situation and our policy after the victory of the war of resistance against Japan, and so on. Snow's "journey to the west" has such a record: "I went to see him every night for a while and interviewed him about the party history of the Communist Party. Once a guest brought him some new philosophical books, so Mao Zedong asked me to reschedule it. He spent three or four nights reading them." Driven by Mao Zedong, senior leading cadres of other parties have also strengthened their study, driving the whole party to form a strong learning atmosphere. Yu Jianting, who once served as Chen Yun's secretary, recalled Chen Yun: "in Yan'an period, he never played poker or danced. When he was free, he read books and studied very seriously. He carefully read the original works, read reference books and take notes. If he didn't understand anything in his study, he humbly asked comrades in the theoretical circle for advice." Chen Yun's children also wrote in the article commemorating his father: "my father is hungry and thirsty when he reads books, sometimes even to the point of desperate." During this period, the party's senior cadres often went to the grass-roots level to guide and answer the questions raised by cadres in their study, and made counseling reports. For example, Mao Zedong's on the second imperialist war, Liu Shaoqi's on the cultivation of Communists, Chen Yun's report on how to be a communist, etc.

　　"We should combine the theory of Marxism Leninism with the actual movement of the Chinese revolution", and pay attention to carrying forward the study style of integrating theory with practice in our study. Adhering to the integration of theory with practice is the prominent feature of the study and education of cadres in Yan'an period and the requirement of the party's consistent style of study. The study in Yan'an period is not big and empty, does not take the form, pays attention to the Sinicization of Marxism throughout the whole process of learning and education, and deeply points out that Mao Zedong's works "are the best typical works of the Sinicization of Marxism Leninism of our party, so they should also be one of the best compasses for all our comrades to study and analyze Chinese society and solve the problems of Chinese revolution". For how to learn Marxism Leninism, Mao Zedong pointed out that "the great power of Marxism Leninism lies in its connection with the specific revolutionary practice of various countries" and "talking about Marxism without Chinese characteristics is only abstract and empty Marxism" "We should purposefully study the theory of Marxism Leninism and integrate the theory of Marxism Leninism with the actual movement of the Chinese revolution". He has repeatedly stressed that learning Marxism Leninism is not to learn some words of Marxism Leninism, but should learn their positions and methods of observing and solving problems. In view of the phenomenon that some scholars in the party "always call Greece" and so on, He clearly pointed out: "do not cut off history. It is necessary to understand not only Greece, but also China; not only the history of foreign revolution, but also the history of Chinese revolution; not only China's today, but also China's yesterday and the day before yesterday." "Only by learning from the people, from the environment, from friendly parties and armies, and understanding them, can we be realistic in our work and have foresight and foresight for the future.".

　　"Convince people with reason", "learn from the past and avoid the future, cure the disease and save people", and pay attention to strengthening ideological and political education. Some of the cadres in Yan'an period came from workers and farmers, and most of them had low educational level and theoretical level; Some are patriotic intellectuals and patriotic overseas Chinese from all over the country and returning from overseas. Some lack systematic theoretical study and party spirit training, and some lack understanding of China's national conditions. While strengthening theoretical education, paying attention to strengthening ideological and political education and purpose education was an important task at that time. Mao Zedong pointed out that "ideology, politics, policy, military and organization are the fundamental businesses of the Political Bureau" and "Mastering ideological education is our first-class business". During this period, the party paid attention to combining strengthening theoretical study with opposing subjectivism, sectarianism and the party's eight strands, paying attention to publicizing materialism and dialectics, correcting the party's ideological line, organizational line and literary style, and thoroughly liquidating the party's "left" and right leaning errors from the height of Epistemology, In particular, we should clear up the bad influence of Wang Ming's "left" mistakes characterized by dogmatism in the party, and educate all Party cadres to learn to use Marxist positions, viewpoints and methods to study and solve the specific problems of the Chinese revolution. In the rectification movement, we adhered to the purpose and policy of "learning from the past and avoiding the future, treating the sick and saving people", adhered to "unity criticism unity", adhered to "saying everything without saying anything", "speakers are innocent, those who hear it are full of discipline", "if you have something to change, you will be encouraged if you have nothing to do", so as to clarify your thoughts and unite comrades.

　　"Formulate a complete and formal learning system" and strive to build an efficient and effective learning system. Institutional problems are fundamental, overall, stable and long-term. Institutional advantage is the greatest advantage of a political party and a country. During the Yan'an period, the party attached great importance to the construction of learning and education system, formulated and issued a series of learning and education documents in the name of the CPC Central Committee, including organization and leadership system, learning guidance system, guarantee system, evaluation system and so on. The establishment and implementation of these learning and education systems have put the whole Party's learning in a state of standardized management with organization and leadership from the beginning. In the harsh war environment of extreme material shortage, it is not laissez faire or mere formality. On the contrary, it can overcome many difficulties and stick to it, so that the whole party can form a good habit of conscious learning and self-improvement, Obtain the strong ability of continuous innovation and sustainable development. Mao Zedong stressed that "the central government should promote such a learning system throughout the country. As long as the Communist Party can do its best, it should promote it and create an upsurge of learning". It can be said that the party's promotion of learning and education in Yan'an period depended not only on strong ideological and political work, but also on systems. Without these learning systems, under the historical conditions of Yan'an at that time, it was impossible for the Party Central Committee to "overcome the backwardness of its own theoretical work" in extremely intense combat activities and in a very short time. This has also laid a foundation for the construction of the party's theoretical learning system in the future.

　　"If you are busy, you should 'squeeze', and if you can't understand, you should 'drill'", adhere to the combination of "grading and classification" and "teaching students according to their aptitude", and constantly enhance the pertinence and effectiveness of learning. During the Yan'an period, the harsh environment, difficult conditions and heavy work brought great difficulties to the study of all Party comrades. In order to overcome difficulties, the party has created many good experiences in the ways and methods of promoting learning. In terms of learning arrangements, combined with the actual situation, the CPC Central Committee has repeatedly issued learning plans by stages, adhering to the coordinated development and overall promotion of on-the-job education and school education, so that cadre education can be carried out continuously and systematically. In terms of learning methods, Mao Zedong advocated the "nail spirit" of "squeezing" and "drilling". Mao Zedong pointed out: "if you are busy with work, you should" squeeze "and if you can't understand it, you should" drill ". If you use these two methods to deal with it, you can win in learning." In terms of learning organization, carry out differentiated learning with classified grouping and hierarchical guidance, give full play to the demonstration and driving role of the central learning group and advanced learning group, and strive to build a "model learning group" and become a "learning model". In terms of learning motivation, we set up a cadre Learning Festival, formulated and implemented a series of supervision, inspection and assessment systems, and achieved the "Scholar Award for diligence and punishment for laziness", which not only ensured the implementation of cadres' learning tasks, but also improved the motivation and ability of cadres' Autonomous learning. Through these measures, the quality of cadre learning and education at this stage has been greatly improved, and a vivid learning scene of "reading is on the backpack, writing is on the earth, the classroom is on the road, and the table is on the knee" has been further formed.

(author unit: Central Academy of party history and Literature)